Book IX Print 28: Cuban nationalization of American oil businessesYale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives1960 JuneengspaImages of the Cuban revolutionary government's nationalization of the U.S.-owned oil refinery known as Esso in Cuba (Exxon in the United States), as well as Shell Oil in June 1960. These refineries were located near the Bay of Havana. Their nationalization came as a result of Soviet offers to sell Cuba Russian crude oil at much reduced prices and the U.S. government's refusal to allow its companies to refine the oil. This was the first of all U.S.-owned businesses to be nationalized in the summer of 1960. This process was completed by August and capped off by the imposition of a U.S. embargo against Cuba in October that then prompted the Cubans' subsequent decision to nationalize all properties owned by U.S. citizens, not just businesses. In all, Cuba nationalized hundreds of millions of dollars of U.S. businesses and properties. In frames 3-5 of this print, a cloth banner signed by the "Sección Sindical de [unclear]" denounces Yankee imperialism and claims the fatherland ["patria"] for the Cubans. See also Prints 29, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43 and 44.