Ablutions form a large part in the Moslem's day, so we find connected with each mosque a well equipped, heated bath house. The kettles on the rack in the center are for the minor ablutions used before every time of prayer. Showers are to be had in the cupboards to the left. There is always hot water for use. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
A 'Beehive' kumbei peculiar to the Wuchungpao Plain, Ningsia. Although the door of the kumbei may open in any direction, the sepulchre inside will always be placed North and South. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Bridge across the Tatung River which divides the Provinces of Tsinghai and Kansu north of the Sining River near which this picture was taken. To the right is Kansu, to the left is Tsinghai, Moslem governed territory, which includes the Northern part of Tibet. Such cantilever bridges are common in Tsinghai, Ma Pu-fang having constructed a number of new ones only recently.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The mohammedian camel train leaves San Ying, North of Kuyuan, about noon. Carrying salt to the South they return to Ningsia with grain. This and other villages saw serious fighting with the Communists in the summer of 1936.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The entrance to the most indigenous mosque in China, at Ts'ui Ti P'o, Kansu, on the trail from Lungchow, Shensi to Pingliang. The Moslem inn of the village is on the level below on the loess-terraced hillside.
A typical flour-mill used and controlled by Moslems along the Tibetan border. The wheel on the left is kept in motion by the force of the water striking the blades as in a turbine. Above in the mill the upper stone of the mill does not revolve, as we would expect, but is held stationary by more than twenty suspended ropes. The lower stone revolves and grinds the grain against the one above. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Ma Min-hsin was a leader of the Djaharia Order in Chinese Islam. At his grave at Hung Lo Fu, Ningsia pilgrims come from all over China. In this glass-enclosed room in front of the grave prayers are said and the Koran is read. Ma Tsen-wu is now the head of this branch.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The horse bazaar beside one of the many canals in Wuchangpao. Such views are common in this thriving market town. Moslems form the major portion of the population of this center.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Interior of cave mosque at Ts'ui Ti P'o. The mihrab or prayer niche, a few goat skins for worshippers, native oil lamps and a small stove for heat in the winter, with door and small window above make up the mosque, and of which the village was justly proud.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The interior of the Weichow mosque, looking toward the mihrab. It resembles an Anglican Church with its apse and choir screen. Matting for the worshipers can be seen in the foreground. In the winter these are replaced by goat or sheep skins.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The interior of a new mosque in Peiping near the Altar of Heaven. This is one of the newest and most up-to-date mosques in China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Kumbei or tomb of a Moslem Saint named Mu. This very interesting sight in a grove of evergreens overlooks the Pingliang valley in East Kansu. The city lies between the grave and the hills to the north. This man is one of the early founders of the Djahariah order in China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Calling to the noonday prayers. This man walks through the streets of Ta Chia Tsz, Ningsia beating his board as well as giving the call to prayer. Note the covered porches of the shops and the protection of mud about each tree.
A melody in roofs. Along the main street of T'ung Hsin Chen the minaret of the mosque can be seen. The ahung here had traveled to Mecca twice from South Ningsia and was fluent in Arabic though he could not read the Chinese calling card presented to him. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Minaret of the chief Mosque in Sining, Tsinghai. At this capital of the province a terrible rebellion of 1895 occurred which destroyed all ancient relics of Islam. This beautiful new tower, capped by a crescent forms a fitting part of the mosque area.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The minbar or pulpit in the Great Eastern Mosque, Changan. The staff carried by the ahung who leads the service on Friday can be seen resting on the steps.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Tsang Ahung represents his co-religionists from the Province of Honan. He shepherds any of the Moslem community from the Province who happen to be in Hankow on business.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Hu Chen-lin Ahung has a school for future ahungs here in San Ying. Formerly he was in Ningsia in charge of a similar school founded by Ma Hung-kwei, the governor. Here there was more freedom to express his Wahabi tendencies, picked up on a recent pilgrimage to Mecca.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Every Chinese Moslem ahung and many devout of the laity carry a rosary of ninety-nine beads. With this they are helped in saying over the names of Allah.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Three walks of life in Kuyuan. A merchant and a solder flank the friendly ahung, at one of the mosques outside the South Gate. Here we find the three avenues along which a male Mohammedan boy trains to pass through life. They excel in each of these professions.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Another Moslem flour-mill. This one is tied to the bank while the force of the water revolves the paddles on each side, and so with the use of primitive machinery inside the grain is ground. There are many of these along the Tao River between Kaolan and Linsia.
A typical Moslem inn along the highway between Kaolan and Sining. That it is Moslem one knows by the sign of the teapot hanging just over the head of Dr. S.M. Zwemer in the pith helmet. These inns throughout China assure a Moslem traveler of 'kosher' food. They most often excel in cleanliness and service over their purely Chinese rivals. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
A friendly 'Salaam Aleikum' (Peace be upon you) along the way. The crocheted skull caps were mainly seen around Kuyuan and Northeast Kansu. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and One of the five pillars of Islam is the pilgrimage to Mecca. This important Moselm community of Southern Ningsia around Weichow has fifty Hajjis, or returned pilgrims. This man returned three days before the picture was taken. The tarboosh from Turkey was his pride and joy. There was warmth in his greeting of another traveler from afar.
A Tunghsiang Hui or East Country Moslem. He and his kind live in finger-like valleys along the road between Kaolan and Linsia (Hochow) Kansu. These people, it is believed, are descendents of the Mongols and who still use their own language in the back blocks of the valley. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Semitic nose is a characteristic of many of the Chinese Moslems. This crocheted hat of the fried cake vendor of Weichow covers a peculiarly shaped head. Boys as well as men wear this Moslem headgear.
A Moslem restaurant sign with the tea pot and the Arabic in the center. At the top are two Chinese characters 'ching' and 'chen,' clean and true. Just these two characters on many signs make a shop one where Moslems may eat. These correspond to the 'kosher' characters on a Jewish eating house. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Not all the children in the mosque schools are boys. These bonnie lassies attend a mosque school in Kinkihsien under the instruction of a blind ahung. Note the horn books under the arms of the two on the right.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Moslem veil in China, such is seen throughout the Northwest; Kansu, tsinghai and Ningsia. The neck and head are covered but the face is left exposed. Brides wear green veils and sometimes cover their faces. Such head coverings are not seen in the coastal provinces.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Friday worship commences. Those with white turbans are Tsang Ahung's student mullahs. Tsang Ahung was a religious leader in Hankow.