Ablutions form a large part in the Moslem's day, so we find connected with each mosque a well equipped, heated bath house. The kettles on the rack in the center are for the minor ablutions used before every time of prayer. Showers are to be had in the cupboards to the left. There is always hot water for use. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
A 'Beehive' kumbei peculiar to the Wuchungpao Plain, Ningsia. Although the door of the kumbei may open in any direction, the sepulchre inside will always be placed North and South. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Bridge across the Tatung River which divides the Provinces of Tsinghai and Kansu north of the Sining River near which this picture was taken. To the right is Kansu, to the left is Tsinghai, Moslem governed territory, which includes the Northern part of Tibet. Such cantilever bridges are common in Tsinghai, Ma Pu-fang having constructed a number of new ones only recently.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The mohammedian camel train leaves San Ying, North of Kuyuan, about noon. Carrying salt to the South they return to Ningsia with grain. This and other villages saw serious fighting with the Communists in the summer of 1936.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The entrance to the most indigenous mosque in China, at Ts'ui Ti P'o, Kansu, on the trail from Lungchow, Shensi to Pingliang. The Moslem inn of the village is on the level below on the loess-terraced hillside.
A typical flour-mill used and controlled by Moslems along the Tibetan border. The wheel on the left is kept in motion by the force of the water striking the blades as in a turbine. Above in the mill the upper stone of the mill does not revolve, as we would expect, but is held stationary by more than twenty suspended ropes. The lower stone revolves and grinds the grain against the one above. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Ma Min-hsin was a leader of the Djaharia Order in Chinese Islam. At his grave at Hung Lo Fu, Ningsia pilgrims come from all over China. In this glass-enclosed room in front of the grave prayers are said and the Koran is read. Ma Tsen-wu is now the head of this branch.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The horse bazaar beside one of the many canals in Wuchangpao. Such views are common in this thriving market town. Moslems form the major portion of the population of this center.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Interior of cave mosque at Ts'ui Ti P'o. The mihrab or prayer niche, a few goat skins for worshippers, native oil lamps and a small stove for heat in the winter, with door and small window above make up the mosque, and of which the village was justly proud.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The interior of the Weichow mosque, looking toward the mihrab. It resembles an Anglican Church with its apse and choir screen. Matting for the worshipers can be seen in the foreground. In the winter these are replaced by goat or sheep skins.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The interior of a new mosque in Peiping near the Altar of Heaven. This is one of the newest and most up-to-date mosques in China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Kumbei or tomb of a Moslem Saint named Mu. This very interesting sight in a grove of evergreens overlooks the Pingliang valley in East Kansu. The city lies between the grave and the hills to the north. This man is one of the early founders of the Djahariah order in China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Calling to the noonday prayers. This man walks through the streets of Ta Chia Tsz, Ningsia beating his board as well as giving the call to prayer. Note the covered porches of the shops and the protection of mud about each tree.
A melody in roofs. Along the main street of T'ung Hsin Chen the minaret of the mosque can be seen. The ahung here had traveled to Mecca twice from South Ningsia and was fluent in Arabic though he could not read the Chinese calling card presented to him. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Minaret of the chief Mosque in Sining, Tsinghai. At this capital of the province a terrible rebellion of 1895 occurred which destroyed all ancient relics of Islam. This beautiful new tower, capped by a crescent forms a fitting part of the mosque area.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The minbar or pulpit in the Great Eastern Mosque, Changan. The staff carried by the ahung who leads the service on Friday can be seen resting on the steps.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Tsang Ahung represents his co-religionists from the Province of Honan. He shepherds any of the Moslem community from the Province who happen to be in Hankow on business.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Hu Chen-lin Ahung has a school for future ahungs here in San Ying. Formerly he was in Ningsia in charge of a similar school founded by Ma Hung-kwei, the governor. Here there was more freedom to express his Wahabi tendencies, picked up on a recent pilgrimage to Mecca.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Every Chinese Moslem ahung and many devout of the laity carry a rosary of ninety-nine beads. With this they are helped in saying over the names of Allah.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Three walks of life in Kuyuan. A merchant and a solder flank the friendly ahung, at one of the mosques outside the South Gate. Here we find the three avenues along which a male Mohammedan boy trains to pass through life. They excel in each of these professions.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Another Moslem flour-mill. This one is tied to the bank while the force of the water revolves the paddles on each side, and so with the use of primitive machinery inside the grain is ground. There are many of these along the Tao River between Kaolan and Linsia.
A typical Moslem inn along the highway between Kaolan and Sining. That it is Moslem one knows by the sign of the teapot hanging just over the head of Dr. S.M. Zwemer in the pith helmet. These inns throughout China assure a Moslem traveler of 'kosher' food. They most often excel in cleanliness and service over their purely Chinese rivals. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
A friendly 'Salaam Aleikum' (Peace be upon you) along the way. The crocheted skull caps were mainly seen around Kuyuan and Northeast Kansu. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and One of the five pillars of Islam is the pilgrimage to Mecca. This important Moselm community of Southern Ningsia around Weichow has fifty Hajjis, or returned pilgrims. This man returned three days before the picture was taken. The tarboosh from Turkey was his pride and joy. There was warmth in his greeting of another traveler from afar.
A Tunghsiang Hui or East Country Moslem. He and his kind live in finger-like valleys along the road between Kaolan and Linsia (Hochow) Kansu. These people, it is believed, are descendents of the Mongols and who still use their own language in the back blocks of the valley. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Semitic nose is a characteristic of many of the Chinese Moslems. This crocheted hat of the fried cake vendor of Weichow covers a peculiarly shaped head. Boys as well as men wear this Moslem headgear.
A Moslem restaurant sign with the tea pot and the Arabic in the center. At the top are two Chinese characters 'ching' and 'chen,' clean and true. Just these two characters on many signs make a shop one where Moslems may eat. These correspond to the 'kosher' characters on a Jewish eating house. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Not all the children in the mosque schools are boys. These bonnie lassies attend a mosque school in Kinkihsien under the instruction of a blind ahung. Note the horn books under the arms of the two on the right.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Moslem veil in China, such is seen throughout the Northwest; Kansu, tsinghai and Ningsia. The neck and head are covered but the face is left exposed. Brides wear green veils and sometimes cover their faces. Such head coverings are not seen in the coastal provinces.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The Friday worship commences. Those with white turbans are Tsang Ahung's student mullahs. Tsang Ahung was a religious leader in Hankow.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The entrance and minaret of the Weichow mosque. In this city of ten thousand this one mosque ministers to all branches of Islam and shows a united front that even the Communist army of 1936 could not shake. This mosque is one of the most beautiful in all of China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and In bandit-ridden areas the mosque must protect itself. This is one outside the South Gate of Yu Wang, Ningsia, not only had this small fort but also local Moslem militia to protect it. During the summer and fall of 1936 the Communist held the city; one wonders what happened to the mosque.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and This is the second type of mosque commonly seen on the fertile plain along the Yellow River in Ningsia. Note the new popular trees planted along the road, a common sight in the Northwest in the spring of 1936.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The oldest mosque in Changan (Sian) Shensi, the capital of the T'ang Dynasty (618-934) when Islam first came to China. Some of Chinese Islam's greatest sons have been instrumental in reparing this ancient building.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and This ornate box for carrying the Koran in front of the bier at a funeral is part of the equipment of the Great Eastern Mosque, Changan. Two janazahs or coffins in which the body is carried as far as the grave can be seen one above the other behind the tablet.
A portable goat skin raft which is used in the water down stream and carried on the back of a man upstream. Many such small rafts are fastened together to make one of the hundred skins or more to transport large cargo or a number of people to cities down the Yellow River. and Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and The province of Ningsia has two distinct types of architecture among its many mosques. Here is a good example of the curved roof minaret of one near Kinkihsien. There is a much sharper curve to the roof here than one finds in Eastern China.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Do not divide the Moslems and Chinese is the slogan on this gate of Hao Tien, Kansu. Through this gate most of the traffic between China proper and the Northwest, including Sinkiang, must pass. The old Silk Road between Cathay and Stamboul passed through and halted while it got strength to climb the famous Liu P'an Mountians ahead.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Water gate of the city of Kaolan (Lanchow) Kansu, looking up the Yellow river. The American-built iron bridge in the background was carried on the backs of camels from Tientsin. A goat skin raft is tied to the bank in the middle foreground.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Three of the more than eighty student ahungs (mullahs) from all over the Northwest and even from the coastal provinces who study at this main mosque of Sining. The round caps immediately distinguish a Moslem from a Chinese, or as is commonly said, the Hsiao Chiao from the Ta Chiao."
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and This tomb is not in Egypt but in Yangchow, Kiangsu, the city which Marco Polo governed for Kublai Khan. Pu Ha Tin, one of the early missionaries of Islam to China is buried here. It is a place of sacred pilgrimage along the grand Canal.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Chang Chia Chuan, East Kansu, the stronghold of Islam in South Eastern Kansu and headquarters of one branch of the Djahariah Order. Fourteen mosques minister to the needs of the people. On market day, which occurs every second day, people from miles around make the streets almost impassible, yet women are seldom seen at these times.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Hsuan Hua Kang above Chang Chia Chuan on the hillside to the north. Here in the large mausoleum rests the head of Ma Hua-lung, one of the leaders of the rebellion of 1862-1876. His spiritual descendents, including Ma Yuan-chang, his son-in-law, are buried here close by.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive. and Water Wheels on the upper Yellow River, above Kaolan. The man standing in the middle background by the upright post is six feet two inches. Water is carried to the top in long rectangular boxes fastened to the circumference of the wheel. Many of these wheels are owned by Moslem villages.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Bishop Scott. Mr. Greenwood Four missionaries in long clerical garb are posed in front of a building., and The group includes Bishop Charles Perry Scott and Miles Greenwood, Anglican missionaries who began work in Yantai in 1877.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Formal portrait of the G.B. Farthing family in Chinese dress, parents and three children., and This missionary family was killed in the Boxer rebellion of 1900 in Shansi.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Military mandarin, Tsou Ping. Man in Chinese garb sits in front of a display of weapons in an alcove. In the background are a bow, quiver of arrows, spear, military raiment, and a banner with Chinese calligraphy., and The English Baptist mission station at Tsou Ping was established in 1889.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., J. S. Whitewright was a British missionary serving under the Baptist Missionary Society in North China from 1881 to 1926. The museum he established in 1887 was stocked with natural history exhibits as well as models and pictures, many of which were designed to illustrate the positive influence of Christianity on civilization. The museum attracted large crowds from the countryside, especially on market days. Chinese evangelists and missionaries stationed at the museum used this opportunity to preach and converse with groups and individuals., and Museum established by J. S. Whitewright in 1887 in Tsing Chou Fu (also known as Ch'ing-Chou-Fu) [now Qingzhou Shi], China. Taxidermized animals, artifacts in display cases, and framed posters illustrate different aspects of the natural history and culture of the area.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Mr. and Mrs. Nickalls, Chou Ping. English Baptist missionaries in Chinese garb are shown sitting in the living room of their home, with a piano in the background., and The English Baptist mission station at Tsou Ping (Chou Ping) [Zouping Xian] was established in 1889.
Alfred George Jones and Minnie Agnes Crawford, daughter of J. P. Crawford of Tsing Chou Fu, Shantung, were married in the Union Bible Chapel in 1881 by the Reverend Miles Greenwood. Alfred Jones arrived in China from England in 1876 to become a missionary of the Baptist Missionary Society., Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., and Interior view of Union Bible Chapel in Chefoo [Yantai], China, facing front of church. Shows pews and altar area with extensive fruit and floral decorations, as for a harvest celebration. Two banners above the altar area read "Oh Bounteous is the Harvest" and "O Worship the Lord in the Beauty of Holiness."
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and Persons executed by the Japanese soldiers in various parts of the grounds of Ku Ling Temple, Nanking, after the fall of the city, December 12, 1937.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and Persons executed by the Japanese soldiers in various parts of the grounds of Ku Ling Temple, Nanking, after the fall of the city, December 12, 1937. Second view.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and The former Overseas Chinese Club at the corner of Chung Shan and Shanghai Roads, Nanking. It was used as a refugee center by the Nanking Safety Zone Committee, but is now occupied by a high Japanese military organization. The smoke behind the building is typical of the fires which were systematically set by the Japanese soldiers after the occupation of the city."
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Canal in Yangchow dividing old and new sections. Searching water chestnuts and snails. Shrine to God of learning., and Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Chapel of the Beatitudes, Chinkiang. The beams and rafters are Chinese vermilion, the wall white, the windows in a small pattern of red and white panes of glass, the Chinese inscriptions in the sanctuary are in gold letters on a background of blue., and Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and Two children of the Rev. and Mrs. C.T. Chiang of our Mission in Nanking, standing at the gate of no. 25 Lo Chia Road. The placards on the wall are posters from the American Embassy and the Chinese Military Commander of Nanking, certifying the premises as American property.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and Nativity pageant, St. Paul's Church, Nanking, Christmas, 1938. The shepherds and wise men worship the Christ child on a stage.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary who stayed in Nanjing during the period of the Japanese occupation, 1937-1938., and Nativity pageant, St. Paul's Church, Nanking, Christmas, 1938. Children are dressed as shepherds, wise men, and in costume of various occupations.
Along the Yangchow city moat at the Tien Sing Temple., Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., and Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary.
Also included in the International Mission Photography Archive., Crisso standing beside a village temple enshrining the local protecting deities, Yangchow., and Ernest Forster, the photographer, was an American Episcopal missionary.